Salah EL-Din Citadel Exploring The Best Ancient Wonders

If there’s one thing that’s synonymous with Cairo, it’s the Salah El-Din Citadel. This iconic historic site has been standing since the 12th century and is now a popular tourist spot for visitors to Cairo.

You might be wondering what makes the Salah El-Din Citadel so special. Well, there’s no question that its location is one of its main draws. It sits atop a hill overlooking the bustling city of Cairo, making it the perfect place to take in panoramic views of the cityscape.

But that’s not all. The citadel is also home to a variety of interesting historical attractions, such as the Al-Nasir Muhammad Mosque and Madrasa. So if you’re visiting Cairo, be sure to make time for a visit to this iconic landmark.

Overview of Salah El-Din Citadel

Overview -of -Salah- El-Din- Citadel

You’re standing at the foot of a hill, gazing up at a fortress that’s watched over Cairo for centuries. It’s hard not to be awestruck by the sight of Salah El-Din Citadel; after all, it’s one of the city’s most iconic landmarks.

This ancient fort was originally built in 1176 by Salah El-Din, the first sultan of Egypt and Syria. It was meant to protect Cairo from Crusader invasions, and over the years it has been expanded and renovated many times. These days, the citadel is a popular tourist destination, offering visitors stunning views of Cairo and its surrounding areas.

History of Salah El-Din Citadel

History -of -Salah- El-Din -Citadel

The Salah El-Din Citadel is one of the most iconic and historically significant sites in all of Cairo. The fortress was originally built in the late twelfth century by the Muslim leader Salah El-Din, and it served as an important strategic stronghold for centuries.

Over the years, the Citadel has played host to a number of important events and figures. It was here that Salah El-Din made his last stand against the Crusaders, and it was also used as a base by Napoleon during his failed invasion of Egypt in 1798. In more recent times, the Citadel has been used as a military barracks and prison, and it has also served as the headquarters of the Egyptian Armed Forces.

Today, the Citadel is a popular tourist attraction, and visitors can explore its many mosques, fortifications, and palaces. It’s a fascinating glimpse into Egypt’s rich history and culture.

History of its Construction

Construction of the Citadel started in 1176, during Saladin’s rule. It was not finished until 1182, when Al-Malek Al-Kamel was in charge. Al-Malek Al-Kamel ruled Egypt after Saladin and was the first king to live in the citadel.

Saladin wanted a very strong citadel to protect Cairo from all kinds of attacks. It is said that he destroyed some small pyramids in Giza to take their stones for building the citadel and its walls. Many of Saladin’s soldiers, along with some Crusaders he had captured, helped build the citadel. When it was finished, it was considered an amazing example of military architecture.

Saladin also built a water well inside the citadel for the soldiers in case the citadel was ever under siege. This well was very difficult to build. It was 90 meters deep and dug through the hard rocks of Mokattam Mountain, which was a great achievement in the 12th century.

The Citadel of Saladin is known as one of the most beautiful fortresses of the Middle Ages. Its location is very strategic, giving a clear view of the two nearby cities at that time, Fustat and Cairo.

Because it was between these two cities, the citadel could also be used as a safe retreat if Cairo was attacked. It was a true fortress in every sense of the word.

The Reasons Behind The Construction of The Citadel

When Saladin took control of Egypt, he faced no real resistance from the Fatimids, who had ruled Egypt from the 8th to the 12th century. He decided that Cairo needed a strong fortified citadel to protect the city from future attacks. This was especially important because of the Crusaders, who were carrying out military campaigns in the Middle East at that time.

Saladin was inspired by the strong and well-protected citadels in Syria and Lebanon. He knew it was very important to have a large citadel to defend Cairo, so he sent all his resources to build it.

After looking at many possible sites in and around Cairo, Saladin chose to build the citadel on Mokattam Hill. This high location allowed the citadel to overlook the entire city and gave the defenders a strong advantage in case of an attack.

The Contents of the Castle from the inside

The-Contents-of-Salah-El Din-Castle-from-the-inside-EgyptaTours

The castle has many old objects and buildings from different Islamic periods. Over time, it changed from being just a strong fortress for defending the city into a full city. It included mosques, fountains, palaces, offices, military workshops, a workshop for covering the Kaaba, military and civil schools, and other important buildings. These features made Saladin’s Citadel different from other castles built in the Middle Ages around the world.

Bir Yusef

Inside the citadel, Saladin built a very deep well called Joseph’s Well, or Bir Yussef. The well is about 90 meters deep, with 85 meters dug into the rock. It is considered an amazing engineering work from the Ayyubid era, and people are often amazed by it.

The well has two sections that are not in a straight line, but they are almost the same depth. This is why some historians called it “two wells.”

The lower well section is 2.3 square meters in size, while the upper section is 5 square meters. The upper section needed extra space for a corridor where oxen could turn the waterwheel in the lower well to lift water to the upper well. Another pair of oxen turned a second waterwheel in the upper well to bring water to the surface.

One of the most impressive things about the upper well is the thin stone wall between the well shaft and the oxen corridor. In some parts, it is only 20 centimeters thick.

By 1293 AD, during the time of Al-Nasir Muhammad bin Qalawun, the well could not supply enough water for all the people and animals in the citadel. So, he built another system to bring water from the Nile using wheels and canals, which had been originally built during Saladin’s time.

Castle palaces

The Citadel of Salah al-Din has four palaces. Two of them were built during the rule of Muhammad Ali Pasha: the Jewel Palace, built in 1814, and the Haram Palace, built in 1826. There is also a palace from the 14th century called Ablaq Palace, built by Sultan Al-Nasir Muhammad bin Qalawun in 1314, located on the western side of the mountain slope. The fourth palace is the Saray al-Adl Palace.

Castle mosques

The castle has three main mosques. The oldest is the Mosque of Al-Nasir Muhammad, built in 1318 during the early Mamluk Bahri period. It was known as the Mamluk Mosque of the Citadel, and the sultans of Cairo used to pray there on Fridays. The second is the Suleiman Pasha Mosque, built in 1528 on the site of an older mosque in Abu Mansour Costa. The third is the Mosque of Muhammad Ali Pasha, where Muhammad Ali was originally buried, although his body was moved to the Pasha’s courtyard in 1857.

Castle museums

The Jewel Palace Museum has a large chandelier that weighs 1,000 kilograms. It was a gift from the French king, Louis Philippe I, to Muhammad Ali Pasha. The museum also displays Muhammad Ali’s throne, which was a gift from the King of Italy.

The Museum of Transport, opened in 1983, shows a collection of special royal cars from different time periods, from the time of Khedive Ismail to King Farouk. It also includes other valuable antiques.

The Military Museum is the official museum of the Egyptian army and was founded in 1937. It was first located in the old Ministry of War building in central Cairo, then moved to a temporary site in the Garden City area. In November 1949, it was moved to the Haram Palace inside the Citadel.

Saladin citadel gates

The Citadel of Salah al-Din has many walls, towers, and gates. The first thing people notice is how high the castle is and how strong its walls are. These walls have remained strong for many years. The Citadel of Salah al-Din, also called the Castle of the Mountain, has four main gates.

El Mokatam Gate

This gate was called the Mokatam Gate because it was built near the Mokatam watchtower of the citadel. It was built during the Ottoman period and is now known as the Salah Salem Gate, named after the street beside it today.

The Mokatam Gate was built inside a thick wall made of hard stone, south of the Mokatam Tower. In 1785, a wall with balconies was added during the rule of Mohamed Yakan Pasha, who also built a palace near the gate. Sadly, this palace was later destroyed.

When Mohamed Ali ruled Egypt, he restored and repaired many parts of the Citadel. He also built a road about 650 meters long that connected Bab El Mokatam to the road below the citadel.

Over time, the Mokatam Gate was damaged, and much of the wall around it was lost. This happened especially in 1955, when the Salah Salem Road was built. At that time, a new gate was made, which is the entrance visitors use today.

Bab EL Hadded or the Iron Gate

Mohamed Ali began building the Iron Gate in 1822. It was meant to be the main entrance to the Citadel of Saladin because it allowed large cannons and heavy equipment to enter. He also built a road connecting this gate to Cairo, which is now called Bab El Hadeed Street.

The Iron Gate has two main sides. The northern side looks onto Bab El Hadeed Street near Dar El Mahfozat and the old Archives Building. This side is about 15 meters long and 18 meters high.

The northern side of the Iron Gate has some special architectural features, including a memorial plaque that gives information about when and how the gate was built.

The Middle Gate

Historians have long debated where this gate got its name. Some believe it was called the Middle Gate because it stood between two administrative buildings that belonged to two sultans, Sultan Al-Ghouri and later Sultan Qalawun.

Others think it was named the Middle Gate simply because it was located between the two main gates of the citadel: the Iron Gate and the Mokatam Gate.

The tower near this gate was called the “Drummers’ Tower” because it was close to the House of Justice, built by Al-Zahir Baybars. Later, Al-Nasir Muhammad ibn Qalawun turned it into a place for drummers.

Muhammad Ali Pasha repaired this gate and the wall around it, but the exact date of the repairs is unknown. There is no inscription or memorial plaque. However, it is believed that he renovated it in 1826, around the same time he restored the nearby eastern gate of the citadel.

Bab Al-Azab 

In front of the Sultan Hassan School and Al-Rifai Mosque is Bab Al-Azab, one of the largest and most beautiful Islamic gates. Its design is very similar to Bab Al-Futuh and Bab Zuweila.

The gate has two large rectangular towers. Each tower has a rounded front at the top. Between the towers is an opening that was used to pour boiling oil on enemies who tried to force their way inside.

Bab Al-Azab was built by Prince Radwan Katkhuda Al-Jalafi, the leader of the Azab soldiers. It was built on the site of an older gate from the Mamluk period.

Later, Khedive Ismail renovated the gate and gave it its current Gothic-style look. During this time, Al-Rumaila Square was expanded, and a double staircase was added to the outside of the gate.

Castle Towers

The castle wall has 13 towers that helped protect the soldiers and people living inside the castle. These towers are called: Al-Mokattam, Al-Saffa, Al-Alwa, Karkilan, Al-Tarfa, Al-Matar, Al-Mablat, Al-Muqsir, the Imam Tower (also known as the Garrafa Tower), Al-Ramla, Al-Haddad, Sahara, and Al-Murabba.

The castle is divided into two main areas by two different walls. The northern area is called the Citadel of Salah al-Din or the Castle of the Mountain. It has an uneven rectangular shape and is about 650 meters long and 317 meters wide. The southern area is also rectangular and is about 510 meters long and 270 meters wide.

Historical Events the Citadel Witnessed

The Citadel of Saladin in Cairo has seen many important events in Egyptian history, especially during the Ayyubid and Mamluk periods. During the French invasion of Egypt in 1798, led by Napoleon Bonaparte, the citadel played an important role in defending Cairo. In the end, the French soldiers managed to break through its walls.

Mohamed Ali was sent by the Ottoman Sultan in Istanbul to govern Egypt. Although he ruled in the Sultan’s name, he had his own plans. In the 19th century, he worked to make Egypt independent from Ottoman control, which had ruled Egypt from the citadel for many years.

One of the most famous events in the citadel’s history happened in Qasr Al-Gawhara, also called the Jewel Palace, which is now a museum. Here, Mohamed Ali invited the Mamluk leaders and killed them in a political event known as the Massacre of the Citadel.

Highlights of Visiting Salah El-Din Citadel

Highlights- Of- Visiting- Salah- El-Din -Citadel

As you explore the Citadel, these are some of the highlights you’ll encounter:

The Walls and Gates: The Citadel was built for defensive purposes, and the walls and gates are a testament to that. You can climb to the top of the walls for a great view of Cairo.

The Mosque and Madrasa: The mosque and madrasa are two of the most important Islamic structures in Cairo. The mosque has exquisite marble carvings, while the madrasa is home to an impressive collection of Islamic art.

The Burial Mounds: There are several burial mounds on the Citadel, dating back to different periods in Egyptian history. Some of them have been excavated and you can see the ruins of the tombs below ground level.

The Mohamed Ali Palace: This palace was built by Mohamed Ali, one of Egypt’s most famous rulers. It’s now a museum housing a collection of artifacts from different periods in Egyptian history.

Accessibility at Salah El-Din Citadel

Accessibility- at -Salah -El-Din -Citadel

Not only is the Salah El-Din Citadel a must-see historic site in Cairo, but it’s also easy to access. Visitors can get to the citadel by bus, car, or taxi, and it’s located just outside of the city.

Additionally, for those who don’t have their own means of transport, the citadel is conveniently situated near the Egyptian Museum and a major souk (known as Khan El Khalili). This means that you can easily visit these places while you’re at the citadel – giving you an even more memorable experience.

Finally, you’ll be pleased to know that admission to the Salah El-Din Citadel is free! So there really isn’t an excuse not to take a stroll around this iconic site and learn all about its past.

Explore Salah El Din Citadel By Category

What to See During Your Visit to Salah El-Din Citadel

What -to- See- During -Your -Visit- to -Salah- El-Din -Citadel

If you’re looking for things to see during your visit to Salah El-Din Citadel, then you’re in luck! This historic site offers a variety of attractions that offer something for everyone. Start off by exploring the two impressive mosques at the entrance the Mohamed Ali Mosque, which was built by Mohamed Ali Pasha in the early 19th century and is an architectural masterpiece, and the Mosque of Sulaiman Pasha, which was constructed in 1528 and is the oldest Islamic monument on the citadel.

Then check out the many museums onsite, such as The Military Museum featuring military antiques from Egypt’s war-torn history, The Islamic Museum offering artifacts of significant historical interest, and The National Police Museum highlighting iconic moments in Egyptian law enforcement.

Visitors can also wander through several gardens and other attractions like The Wekalet Club a place of recreation for army officers—and The Mamluk Ablution Fountain that dates back to 1330. And don’t forget to take a few snapshots of the stunning panoramic view of Cairo at night on top of Salah El-Din Citadel it’s simply breathtaking!

Tips for Enjoying Your Visit to Salah El-Din Citadel

If you’re planning a visit to Salah El-Din Citadel, here are some tips that can help you get the most out of your experience:

• Wear comfortable clothing and appropriate footwear the Citadel is a large complex, so make sure you’re wearing something comfortable that won’t irritate your skin.
• Take plenty of water it can get hot in Cairo, and you’ll want to stay hydrated.
• Bring your camera there are some amazing views from the Citadel that you won’t want to miss.
• Don’t forget snacks there aren’t many restaurants close by, so it’s a good idea to pack something to eat.
• Stay safe be aware of your surroundings and stick with a group if possible.
• Leave early enough if you want to explore all parts of the Citadel, give yourself plenty of time before the sun sets.

Following these tips will ensure that your visit to Salah El-Din Citadel is an enjoyable one!

Conclusion

Salah El-Din Citadel is more than just a historic fortress, it’s a living symbol of Cairo’s military, religious, and political heritage. From its strategic hilltop location to its impressive landmarks like the Mosque of Muhammad Ali, the citadel offers a deep look into how Egypt was defended and governed for centuries.

Visiting the citadel allows travelers to experience breathtaking city views, remarkable Islamic architecture, and layers of history that span from the Ayyubid era to the Ottoman period. Whether you’re a history enthusiast or a first-time visitor to Cairo, Salah El-Din Citadel remains one of Egypt’s most essential and unforgettable landmarks.

Best Trips Include a Visit To Salah El-Din Citadel

Exploring Salah El-Din Citadel: FAQS Guide

What is Salah El-Din Citadel?

Salah El-Din Citadel, also known as the Citadel of Cairo, is a historic fortress dating back to the 12th century. It was built by Salah El-Din (Saladin) and serves as a prime example of medieval Islamic military architecture.

Where is the Citadel located?

The Citadel is located on Mokattam Hill near the center of Cairo, Egypt. Its elevated position offers sweeping views of the city.

What are the main attractions within the Citadel?

Visitors can explore several fascinating sites, including the Mosque of Muhammad Ali, Al-Nasir Muhammad Mosque, and the National Military Museum. Each highlights different aspects of Egypt’s rich history and architecture.

How can I get to the Citadel?

You can reach the Citadel by taxi or public transportation from various parts of Cairo. It’s advisable to check local travel guides for the latest public transport options.

What are the visiting hours?

Typically, the Citadel is open daily from 9 AM to 4 PM. However, hours may vary, so it’s best to confirm before your visit.

Is there an entry fee?

Yes, there is an entry fee for visitors. Prices may differ for locals and tourists, so checking the latest rates beforehand is a good idea.

Why is it historically significant?

The Citadel was a key defense point, protecting Cairo from Crusader armies. Its strategic importance continued through centuries of Egyptian history, serving as both a military base and a royal residence.

Can I take photos inside the Citadel?

Photography is generally allowed, especially in open areas. However, some museums and exhibits may have restrictions, so it’s wise to ask before snapping photos.

Are there guided tours available?

Yes, various tour operators offer guided tours focusing on the Citadel’s history and architecture. These tours can provide deeper insights into its significance and the stories behind its walls.

Is the Citadel accessible to people with disabilities?

While efforts have been made to improve accessibility, some areas may still pose challenges due to the Citadel’s age and layout. It’s recommended to inquire about specific accessibility options before your visit.