Ramesses I

The rule of the pharaohs had a major impact on ancient Egyptian civilization and its growth and each pharaoh left a clear influence on history. One of the significant periods in Egyptian history is the start of the 19th Dynasty, which was established by Ramesses I. Ramesses I ruled Egypt for a short time of about two years but he is considered an important king because he founded a strong dynasty that continued with his son Seti I and his grandson Ramesses II who later became one of the greatest pharaohs in Egyptian history.

Ramesses I came from a military family and was known for his abilities in administration and leadership. Even though his reign was brief, he helped prepare the way for stability in the country after a challenging period. He also left a lasting impact through the achievements of his son and grandson. His reign is seen as an important transitional stage between the stability Egypt reached at the end of the 18th Dynasty and the rise of military and political strength during the 19th Dynasty.

Ramesses I was the first pharaoh of Egypt’s 19th Dynasty. The exact dates of his reign are not fully certain but it is usually dated to around 1292 – 1290 BC or 1295 – 1294 BC. His short reign represented a transitional phase between the rule of Horemheb who restored stability to Egypt at the end of the 18th Dynasty and the strong rulers of his own family, especially his son Seti I and his grandson Ramesses II.

Ramesses I originally had a military career and became king at an advanced age. He ruled Egypt for about two years before his death. After him, his son Seti I took the throne and continued Egypt’s military campaigns and construction activities. He was later followed by his son Ramesses II who became one of the most famous and powerful pharaohs in Egyptian history.

Under the 19th Dynasty, Egypt experienced great cultural and military growth and became one of the leading powers in the region. However, the strength of the dynasty started to weaken later particularly during the reign of Ramesses III as a result of palace conspiracies.

Ramesses I was originally known as Paramessu. He was born into a noble military family from the Nile Delta, most likely near the former Hyksos capital of Avaris. His father was a military officer named Seti who held the title of Chief of Archers. This background shows that Ramesses came from a respected and influential family within the army.

His uncle Khaemwaset was also an army officer and married Tamwadjesy who was the overseer of the harem of King Tutankhamun. She was related to Huy, the Viceroy of Kush which was an important administrative position. These family connections further confirm the high social and political status of Ramesses’ family.

Ramesses gained the trust of Pharaoh Horemheb, the last ruler of the Eighteenth Dynasty who appointed him as vizier. Before being the king, Ramesses I also served as the High Priest of the god Seth during the reign of Amenhotep III.

Through this role, he played an important part in restoring traditional Egyptian religion after the Amarna religious revolution under Akhenaten. Since Horemheb had no surviving heirs, he chose Ramesses I as his successor because he was an experienced administrator and had a son, Seti I and a grandson, the future Ramesses II ensuring stability and continuity of rule.

Paramessu began his career in the military and gradually rose through the ranks. He inherited his father’s position and became Chief of Archers then was promoted to commander of the fortress of Sileh which was responsible for protecting Egypt’s northeastern borders. Later, he reached the rank of commander of cavalry, one of the highest military positions at the time. This shows that he was successful, trusted and closely connected to the royal court.

During Horemheb’s reign, Paramessu held great authority and worked closely with the king much like Horemheb himself had once done under Pharaoh Ay. Learning from past political events, Horemheb ensured a smooth transition of power by appointing Paramessu as his heir and granting him the title of deputy ruler of the state. Paramessu was also appointed vizier, a role that was reshaped during this period to serve the interests of the military elite rather than the traditional bureaucratic class.

After Horemheb’s death, Paramessu ascended the throne and took the royal name Ramesses I. He adopted several royal titles presenting himself as the founder of the Nineteenth Dynasty. However, he was already advanced in age when he became king. His reign was short, lasting about one and a half to two years but it marked an important transitional period between the Eighteenth Dynasty and the powerful rulers of the Nineteenth Dynasty, especially his son Seti I and his grandson Ramesses II.

Archaeological studies have confirmed that the father of Ramesses I was a man named Seti (or Sutekh) who held several military and administrative titles. These same titles were later inherited by his son. His mother was called Tia, whose name appears on the Four Hundred Year Stela. She held the title “Lady of the House,” a common title that reflected a respectable social status for women in ancient Egypt.

She also carried the title “Singer of Ra,” meaning a servant of the sun god Ra. This may explain why her son was named Paramessu, a name linked to the god Ra which later became a common royal name among the kings of the Nineteenth Dynasty.

The family of Ramesses I originated from the city of Sret in the Nile Delta. This confirms that there was no family relationship between him and King Horemheb, who came from the city of Hut-nesut and was associated with the god Horus, not the god Set who was worshipped by the family of Ramesses.

It is likely that the family’s roots in the northern Delta encouraged the kings of the Nineteenth Dynasty to establish a new royal capital in this region, near the modern site of Qantir, in addition to other political and religious reasons.

Family Life and Social Status

The family of Ramesses I is clearly shown in the scenes carved on the walls of his funerary temple at el Araba el Madfuna which was built by his son Seti I. These scenes depict Ramesses I offering sacrifices before the god Osiris, alongside the goddesses Isis and Hathor.

Behind him stands Queen Satre, playing the sistrum, followed by several men and women carrying flowers. Although the names of these figures were lost due to damage to the walls, the inscriptions suggest that they represent members of his family including his mother, brothers and sisters.

These scenes reveal strong family bonds and clear human emotions which are rare in royal funerary temples. This supports the idea that the family of Ramesses I was not of royal origin, but rather a military family that rose to power.

The inscriptions also show that Queen Satre was his wife and held many important titles such as Great Royal Wife, Mother of the King and Lady of the Two Lands. She is believed to have been the mother of his only son, Seti I.

Before ascending the throne, Ramesses I held many important titles including Commander of the Garrison, Overseer of the Mouths of the Nile, Commander of the Archers and Commander of the Army of the Lord of the Two Lands.

He also held the honorary title of Charioteer of the Pharaoh, a prestigious position granted only to high-ranking individuals because of its close physical proximity to the king. In addition, he served as Deputy of the King in Upper and Lower Egypt, Chief Judge, Overseer of the Courts of Justice and Priest of the Goddess Maat.

Despite holding these high offices, Ramesses I never carried the title “King’s Son” or “Relative of the Pharaoh.” This confirms that there was no blood relationship between him and Horemheb and that their connection was based on military partnership and political trust.

It is likely that Horemheb deliberately prepared Ramesses I to succeed him in order to continue the military and administrative policies that had begun during the reign of King Ay.

Ramesses I came to power at an advanced age and had one young son, Seti I who already possessed strong military and administrative experience. Although the reign of Ramesses I was short, he followed the same path laid down by Horemheb. He focused on completing internal reforms and restoring stability to the state, preparing Egypt to regain its political and military strength in the ancient Near East.

This policy became clearly evident during the reign of his son Seti I who continued to strengthen the state internally and restore Egyptian influence abroad especially in Asia. This approach later became a defining feature of the Nineteenth Dynasty.

The Reign of Ramses I

Ramses I changed his personal name to Ramses, meaning “Ra has engendered him” and adopted the royal name “Menpehtyre” meaning “Established by the power of Ra.”

Ramses was elderly when he was crowned and he appointed his son Seti I as heir to lead military operations, while he focused on domestic affairs such as completing the second gate of the Karnak temple which was started by Horemheb.

Ramses I ruled for a short period as is evident from the scarcity of contemporary monuments that mention him, and his tomb was small and hastily completed. According to the Jewish historian Josephus, citing Manetho, he ruled for 16 months but evidence suggests that his reign lasted at least 17 months and possibly up to about two years.

Before becoming king, Ramses I was known as Pramessu and he was a military commander under King Horemheb with no royal lineage but from a distinguished military family.

When he ascended the throne, he was advanced in age, around fifty so he focused on consolidating his rule and organizing internal affairs. He made the city of Tanis his summer residence as did his successor, his son Seti I.

One of his most important achievements was restoring the old religion and the worship of Amun after the collapse of the religious revolution introduced by Akhenaten. Akhenaten had abolished the worship of Amun and the gods of ancient Egypt and imposed the worship of Aten (the sun disk) as a monotheistic god which angered the priests of Amun who had extensive influence and great wealth in their temples.

After the death of Akhenaten and the rule of the young king Tutankhamun, Horemheb worked to restore the authority of the priests of Amun and the old religion. When Ramses I ascended the throne, he completed this task reinstating the worship of Amun and eliminating the religion of Aten to ensure the stability of the country and prevent any religious upheaval.

Ramses I’s rule did not exceed two years due to his advanced age when he took the throne but he left an important mark on the stability of the state, the reorganization of internal affairs and the establishment of the traditional religion after the chaos that Egypt experienced at the end of the 18th dynasty.

Despite not being of royal origin and despite his short reign, Ramesses I was fully accepted as a legitimate king by his successors. He was even worshipped as a god like other Egyptian pharaohs. Several monuments show his son Seti I and his grandson Ramesses II venerating him. Evidence of his cult also appears in private tombs and stelae proving that he continued to hold religious importance among both the royal family and ordinary people after his death.

Although the reign of King Ramesses I was very short, he left behind several important monuments spread across different parts of Egypt. His remains were found from Serabit el-Khadim in the Sinai Peninsula in the north to Amada in Nubia in the south. This wide geographical spread shows that Ramesses I had religious and building activities throughout the country despite ruling for a limited time.

Serabit El-Khadim

At Serabit el-Khadim, a stela of King Ramesses I was discovered recording his restoration of monuments dedicated to the goddess Hathor, Lady of Turquoise. Another stela from the same site shows the king offering two libation vessels to Hathor. These monuments are especially important because they indicate that the turquoise mines of the region were reopened during the reign of Ramesses I after being abandoned for about three generations since the time of Amenhotep III.

Qantara

In the Qantara region, archaeologists discovered the base of a large statue in the form of a falcon. The base is carved with a scene showing King Seti I presenting vessels to the god Horus, Lord of Mesen.

The inscription explains that Seti I dedicated this monument to eternally preserve the name of his father, King Ramesses I before the god. The work appears to have remained unfinished at Seti I’s death and later his son Ramesses II added an inscription on the back stating that he completed the monument bearing the name of his grandfather Ramesses I. What is remarkable is that Ramesses II chose to complete a monument for his ancestors instead of claiming it for himself, which was uncommon during his reign.

Tell el Yahudiya

The archaeologist Naville found several objects at Tell el-Yahudiya bearing the name of King Ramesses I. These finds indicate that the king had some form of activity or presence in this area.

Memphis

A statue base attributed to King Ramesses I is preserved in the Louvre Museum. It is believed to have originally come from the city of Memphis, one of the most important political and religious centers in ancient Egypt.

El-Marg

A stone fragment bearing the royal cartouche of King Ramesses I was found near a well in an area close to Sheikh Abada providing further evidence of his monuments.

Cairo

Near Bab al-Futuh in Cairo, a stone block engraved with one of the royal titles of Ramesses I was discovered. The fine quality of the carving suggests that this block once belonged to an important monument that was later reused in the area.

Abydos (El-Araba el-Madfouna)

The archaeologist Petrie discovered a fragment at Abydos bearing the Horus name of King Ramesses I. A statue of the king was also found with an antiquities dealer in El-Balina near Abydos. Its inscriptions state that Seti I erected it to firmly establish and eternally preserve his father’s name in this region. In the temple at Abydos, Ramesses I and his wife Satre are represented as sacred statues placed inside the sacred barque. His name also appears in the royal king list carved on one of the chambers of the Great Temple.

The monuments of Ramesses I at Karnak are among the clearest signs of his architectural ambition. The most famous is the Great Hypostyle Hall, the largest columned hall in ancient Egyptian architecture. It measures about 170 feet in length and 338 feet in width covering an area of nearly six thousand square yards. The columns are arranged in sixteen rows with the two central rows rising higher than the others and crowned with open papyrus capitals.

The central columns reach a height of about sixty nine feet, while their capitals alone measure nearly eleven feet high. Each column has a circumference of approximately thirty three feet making their scale truly impressive.

The side columns are about forty two and a half feet high, with a circumference of around twenty seven and a half feet. In front of the hall stands a gateway known today as the Second Pylon, flanked by flagpoles that once carried banners during religious festivals.

Due to his advanced age and short reign, Ramesses I could not complete this massive project. Its completion was left to his son Seti I and later his grandson Ramesses II. Scholars believe that the original design of the hall was initiated by Ramesses I himself rather than Horemheb whose contribution was limited to decorating the Second Pylon. The construction of this hall likely had both religious and political motivations, especially to satisfy the priests of Amun and strengthen the legitimacy of the new royal family.

Tomb of Ramesses I at Thebes

The short reign of Ramesses I is clearly reflected in his tomb in the Valley of the Kings, tomb number sixteen. It consists of only two chambers and decoration is limited to the burial chamber alone. The scenes and texts inside depict the journey of the sun god through the underworld.

The king’s sarcophagus was placed in the center and decorated with painted scenes instead of carved reliefs suggesting that the tomb was unfinished at the time of his death.

Toward the end of the Twentieth Dynasty, his mummy was moved along with other royal mummies due to tomb robberies and was eventually hidden in the Deir el-Bahari cache. His original coffin appears to have been lost, as his mummy was later placed in a reused coffin dating to the Twenty First Dynasty.

Funerary Temple of Ramesses I

Because of his brief reign, Ramesses I was unable to build his own funerary temple. However, his son Seti I constructed a small temple for him next to his own great temple at Abydos. Despite its modest size, the temple was beautifully designed and built of white limestone. It consisted of a main hall with two side chambers, surrounded by a strong enclosure wall and preceded by a small forecourt.

The reliefs on the temple façade show a dedication scene in which Seti I presents offerings to his father Ramesses I. The accompanying inscriptions include prayers for the king’s spirit and emphasize the devotion of the son to his father. The gateway also bears inscriptions later added by Merneptah, the grandson of Seti I.

Wadi Halfa

The only monument firmly dated to the reign of Ramesses I is a stela found at Wadi Halfa, dated to the second year of his reign. The stela records the establishment of a permanent offering cult in the temple of the god Horus of Buhen. It mentions offerings of bread, beer and vegetables as well as the appointment of priests and temple servants.

At the end of the inscription, the name of Seti I appears suggesting a possible correlation between father and son. The reference to captives and servants also implies that a military campaign took place in Nubia, most likely led by Seti I.

A mummy believed by scholars to be Ramesses I was illegally taken from Egypt and remained on display in a private museum in Canada for many years before being returned to its homeland. While the identity of the mummy cannot be confirmed with absolute certainty, researchers consider it most likely to be Ramesses I. This conclusion is based on a combination of CT scans, X-rays, skull measurements, radiocarbon dating and comparative studies of family resemblance. Additionally, the position of the arms, crossed high across the chest, is significant as it was reserved exclusively for Egyptian royalty until around 600 BC.

The mummy was originally removed from the Royal Cache at Deir el-Bahari by a family of tomb robbers known as the Abu-Rassuls. It was then sold in Luxor by the Turkish vice-consular agent Mustapha Aga Ayat to Dr. James Douglas, who transported it to North America around 1860. Douglas collected Egyptian antiquities for his friend Sydney Barnett who displayed them at the Niagara Museum and the Daredevil Hall of Fame in Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada. The mummy remained there for more than 130 years, its identity unrecognized, exhibited alongside other curiosities and oddities.

When the museum was later put up for sale, Canadian businessman William Jamieson purchased its collection. With the assistance of Canadian Egyptologist Gayle Gibson, Jamieson recognized the immense historical value of the artifacts. In 1999, he sold the Egyptian collection including the mummies to Michael C. Carlos Museum at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia for two million US dollars. Eventually, on October 24, 2003, the mummy was officially returned to Egypt with full honors and is now exhibited at the Luxor Museum.

In the 1956 film The Ten Commandments, directed by Cecil B. DeMille, Ramesses I is portrayed by Ian Keith as the pharaoh who orders the killing of every first-born male among the Hebrew slaves in Egypt. The movie presents Bithiah who shelters the future prophet Moses, as the daughter of Ramesses I and the sister of Seti I. However, this portrayal is artistic interpretation rather than historical fact since the biblical account in Exodus 1:15-22 does not actually mention the pharaoh’s name.

It is likely that Ramses I had prepared a tomb in Saqqara when he was a vizier but it was not used after he became king. He was buried in the Valley of the Kings and his tomb (KV16) was discovered by Giovanni Belzoni in 1817. The tomb was small and unfinished with a red granite sarcophagus that was painted instead of carved and many errors due to haste.

His son Seti I built a small temple to commemorate his memory in Abydos and some of its inscriptions were donated to the Metropolitan Museum in New York in 1911.

Who was Ramesses I?

Ramesses I was originally known as Paramesh. He was born into a noble military family from the Nile Delta, most likely near the former Hyksos capital of Avaris. His father was a military officer named Seti who held the title of Chief of Archers. This background shows that Ramesses came from a respected and influential family within the army.

How was The death of Ramses I?

It is likely that Ramses I had prepared a tomb in Saqqara when he was a vizier but it was not used after he became king. He was buried in the Valley of the Kings and his tomb (KV16) was discovered by Giovanni Belzoni in 1817. The tomb was small and unfinished with a red granite sarcophagus that was painted instead of carved and many errors due to haste.

How was the worship of Ramesses I?

Despite not being of royal origin and despite his short reign, Ramesses I was fully accepted as a legitimate king by his successors. He was even worshipped as a god like other Egyptian pharaohs. Several monuments show his son Seti I and his grandson Ramesses II venerating him. Evidence of his cult also appears in private tombs and stelae proving that he continued to hold religious importance among both the royal family and ordinary people after his death.

How was the Reign of Ramses I?

Ramses I changed his personal name to Ramses, meaning “Ra has engendered him” and adopted the royal name “Menpehtyre” meaning “Established by the power of Ra.”

Ramses was elderly when he was crowned and he appointed his son Seti I as heir to lead military operations, while he focused on domestic affairs such as completing the second gate of the Karnak temple which was started by Horemheb.

Ramses I ruled for a short period as is evident from the scarcity of contemporary monuments that mention him, and his tomb was small and hastily completed. According to the Jewish historian Josephus, citing Manetho, he ruled for 16 months but evidence suggests that his reign lasted at least 17 months and possibly up to about two years.

What were the titles and positions of Ramesses I before becoming King?

Before ascending the throne, Ramesses I held many important titles including Commander of the Garrison, Overseer of the Mouths of the Nile, Commander of the Archers and Commander of the Army of the Lord of the Two Lands.

He also held the honorary title of Charioteer of the Pharaoh, a prestigious position granted only to high-ranking individuals because of its close physical proximity to the king. In addition, he served as Deputy of the King in Upper and Lower Egypt, Chief Judge, Overseer of the Courts of Justice and Priest of the Goddess Maat.