King Djoser: The Pharaoh Who Transformed Ancient Egypt

Djoser (also read as Djoser and Zoser) was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh of the Third Dynasty during the Old Kingdom, and was the founder of that era.

It is also known by its Hellenistic names Tosorthos (from Manetho) and Sesorthos  (from Eusebius). He is the son of King Khasekhemwy and Queen Nimaathap, but it is unclear whether he was also the direct successor to their throne.

Most Ramesside king lists identify a king named Nebka as his predecessor, but there are difficulties in linking this name to contemporary Horus names, so some Egyptologists question the line of succession to the throne. Djoser is famous for his Step Pyramid, the oldest monumental stone building in ancient Egypt.

King Djoser political activities

 

At the beginning of his rule, he resided in Abydos, where he began construction of his tomb in Beth Khalaf. However, he later moved his residence to the nearby city of Memphis, the country’s capital.

This pharaoh ordered several military campaigns to the Sinai Peninsula, during which the Bedouin tribes took control, to extract the precious metals in the region, such as turquoise and copper. It was also of strategic importance as a link between Asia and the Nile Valley. Perhaps the southern border of the kingdom was fixed at Elephantine, next to the first cataract of the Nile.

Djoser was the first pharaoh to live only in Memphis rather than move between palaces. He also expanded Egypt’s power south to Aswan and north to Sinai.

Djoser is credited with saving Egypt from a seven-year famine by rebuilding the temple of Khnum, the god of the source of the Nile River.

During his reign, Imhotep lived, the inventor of the art of building with cut stone. In addition, he also devoted himself to literature.

Djoser rule

Given the magnitude of the buildings built during his reign, especially the Saqqara Pyramid, some scholars believe that Djoser ruled for at least 29 years.

Although he appears to have started an unfinished tomb at Abydos, Djoser was eventually buried in his famous pyramid at Saqqara, built of limestone. It is huge and contains only a narrow corridor that leads to the middle of the memorial and ends with a rough room in which the entrance to the tomb was hidden.

This internal structure was later filled with rubble because it was no longer useful. The pyramid was previously 62 meters high, its base dimensions were about 125 x 109 meters, and it was covered with polished white limestone.

Tomb of King Djoser 

 

King Djoser was buried in his famous step pyramid at Saqqara. This pyramid was originally built as a roughly square mastaba, but then five more mastabas were stacked one after the other, each smaller than the last, until the monument became the first Egyptian pyramid. The supervisor of the construction of the buildings was the High Priest Imhotep.

The Step pyramid

 

The step pyramid is made of limestone. It is huge and has only one narrow corridor leading to the center of the monument, ending in a rough room where the entrance to the tomb shaft is hidden. This internal structure was later filled with rubble, as it was no longer of use.

The pyramid was once 62 meters high and its base measured c. 125 x 109 meters. It was tightly covered with finely polished white limestone.

Subterranean structure

Beneath the Step Pyramid was excavated a large maze of corridors and long rooms. The burial chamber is located in the middle of the underground complex. A shaft 28 meters deep leads directly from the surface to the burial chamber.

The entrance to the shaft was sealed with a 3.5-ton plug stone. The subterranean burial maze contains four magazine galleries, each pointing directly in one cardinal direction. The eastern portico contains three limestone reliefs depicting King Djoser celebrating the Feast of Heb-Sed (Feast of Renewal).

The walls surrounding and between these reliefs are decorated with bluish ceramic tiles. They were thought to imitate reed mats, as a reference to the mythical waters of the underworld. Other galleries remained unfinished.

On the eastern side of the pyramid, very close to the Blue Chambers, are eleven tomb columns that lead straight down for 30-32 meters, then turn at a right angle to the west. Columns I to V were used to bury members of the royal family.

Columns VI to XI were used as symbolic tombs for the funerary possessions of the royal ancestors of the First and Second Dynasties. More than 40 thousand bowls, bowls and vases made of various types of stone were found in these corridors. Royal names such as Kings Den, Semerkhet, Nynetjer and Sekhemib were inscribed on the vessels.

It is now believed that Djoser restored the original tombs of the ancestors, then sealed the funerary objects in the galleries in an attempt to save them.

Serdab statue of King Djoser

 

King Djoser statue is walled into the serdab. The major purpose of the statue was to allow the king to show himself and be able to see the rituals being performed inside and outside the serdab. This colorful statue is plastered and made of limestone.

Each feature of the statue represents something, and the triple-striped wig he wears resembles him to the living world as a dead king. The striped head cloth covering the wig which is used to cover all of his hair. This was a ritual that began to be used by kings in the 4th Dynasty.

The body is wrapped under a long robe, and his hands are placed in a specific way. His right arm is displayed horizontally across his chest while his left arm rests on his thigh. The position of his arms resembles a Khasekhem seat.

One of the earliest representations of the Nine Bows, and the first fully developed representation of the Nine Bows, is on the statue of the seated Pharaoh Djoser. His feet rest on part of the nine arches, which may have referred to the Nubians of his time due to their use of bows and arrows.

Funerary complex

The funerary complex is the first architectural project to be built entirely of stone. This complex had 14 entrances but only one was functional. It consists of the large southern courtyard, the northern courtyard of Heb Sed, and in the middle of it is the Step Pyramid of Djoser.

The complex is surrounded by a 10.5 m high stone wall, referred to as the perimeter wall. Besides the main courtyards there is a colonnaded entrance located within the southern courtyard and a serdab room containing a seated statue of King Djoser.

King Djoser is the founder of the Third Dynasty and was the first Egyptian king to commission the pyramid.

Djoser inherited the throne from his father Khasekhemwy and ruled Egypt for three decades.

Djoser was fond of architecture and construction and soon began adding his own monuments to the Egyptian landscape.

Its most famous structure was the Pyramid of Djoser, in which six rectangular pieces were arranged in squares and stacked on top of each other.

The last monument was about 21 meters (70 feet) high and was the first true pyramid in Egypt.

He made some campaigns in Sinai, where he mostly subjugated explicit subjects.